Файл:Gloria Swanson & Billy Wilder - ca. 1950.JPG

Опис файлу

ОписGloria Swanson & Billy Wilder - ca. 1950.JPG	English: Studio publicity photo of Billy Wilder and Gloria Swanson.
Час створення	близько 1950 date QS:P,+1950-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1480,Q5727902
Джерело	Original uploader was User:Wikiwatcher1 on 11/4/2010; transferred from the English Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilder-Swanson-45.jpg
Автор	Studio
Інші версії	Фрагмент даного файлу доступний як окреме зображення: Gloria Swanson & Billy Wilder - Sunset Blvd (zoom).JPG.

Ліцензування

Ця робота перебуває у суспільному надбанні, оскільки вона була опублікована у США між 1929 і 1963 роками і авторське право на неї не було поновлене, не залежно від того, чи було спершу повідомлення про авторські права. Якщо автор твору не помер достатньо давно, твір захищається авторськими правами у країнах і на територіях, де не діє правило коротшого терміну для робіт із США, зокрема у Канаді (70 p.m.a.), Континентальному Китаї (50 p.m.a., не в Гонконзі чи Макао), Німеччині (70 p.m.a.), Мексиці (100 p.m.a.), Швейцарії (70 p.m.a.) та в інших країнах згідно з індивідуальними домовленостями. Дивіться також Commons:Hirtle chart для подальших поясень. العربية ∙ Deutsch ∙ English ∙ español ∙ français ∙ galego ∙ italiano ∙ 日本語 ∙ 한국어 ∙ македонски ∙ português ∙ português do Brasil ∙ русский ∙ sicilianu ∙ slovenščina ∙ українська ∙ 简体中文 ∙ 繁體中文 ∙ +/−

Copyright details

Additional source information:

This is a publicity photo taken to promote a film actor. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001 p. 211.):

"Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."

Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:

"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." (The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook By Nancy E. Wolff, Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.)

Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989) p. 87, writes:

"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."

Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements. . . [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."[1]